La Foret Plastic Surgery, located in Apgujeong, offers a variety of sophisticated aesthetic and reconstructive procedures tailored to enhance natural beauty. Here is a list of available procedures by category: Eye Surgery Double Eyelid Surgery (Non-Incisional/Maemedo/Incisional): This procedure creates a natural-looking double eyelid crease, either through a less invasive non-incisional method or a more permanent incisional technique. Epicanthoplasty (Medial Canthoplasty): This surgery reduces the Mongolian fold and widens the inner corner of the eyes for a brighter, more open look. Eye Revision Surgery: This involves the correction of previous eyelid surgeries to achieve the desired aesthetic results. Lower Blepharoplasty: This surgery focuses on addressing the bags and dark circles under the eyes to restore a youthful appearance. Upper Blepharoplasty: It targets sagging upper eyelids caused by aging, lifting and tightening the eyelid skin. Eye Muscle Correction: This procedure corrects the position and function of the eye muscles to improve appearance and symmetry of the eyes. Facial Contouring Cheekbone Reduction (Zygoma Reduction): This surgery reduces prominent cheekbones to achieve a softer facial contour. Jaw Reduction (Mandible Angle Reduction): It involves reducing the width of the lower jaw to create a more V-line facial shape. Nose Surgery Rhinoplasty: This surgery reshapes the nose for aesthetic and functional improvements, addressing concerns such as a low or crooked nose bridge and a bulbous or flat nose tip. Nostril Reduction: This procedure reduces wide or flared nostrils for a more proportionate and harmonious nasal appearance. Anti-Aging Facelift: A comprehensive procedure designed to reduce sagging and wrinkles by tightening the skin and underlying tissues of the face. Forehead Lift (Brow Lift): This procedure lifts the forehead and brow area to reduce wrinkles and sagging skin, providing a more youthful look. Thread Lift: Offers a less invasive alternative to a traditional facelift, using threads to lift and tighten the skin with minimal downtime. Body Contouring Liposuction: This surgery removes excess fat from targeted areas of the body for a more contoured physique. Mini Liposuction: A less invasive form of liposuction focusing on smaller areas with less fat removal required. Non-Surgical Procedures Botox: This procedure involves injecting botulinum toxin to reduce wrinkles and fine lines, as well as preventing future wrinkles from forming. Filler Injections: Involves injecting hyaluronic acid-based fillers to add volume, enhance facial contours, and smooth out wrinkles. Skin Botox: A technique involving microinjections of diluted botulinum toxin into the skin for improved skin texture and reduced pore size without affecting muscle movement. Skin Treatments Laser Therapy: Utilizes various laser technologies to address skin conditions like pigmentation, acne scars, and enlarged pores. Chemical Peels: This treatment improves skin texture and tone by removing the outermost layers of the skin. La Foret Plastic Surgery prides itself on delivering exceptional results through customized procedures that highlight each patient's unique beauty.

learn more

The medical staff at LaPrin bring years of experience to provide patients with satisfactory results. Breast Augmentation Active-Subfascial Breast Implant: This technique ensures minimal pain, fast recovery, and a natural look and movement of the breast. It is designed for patients seeking a more natural and comfortable fit. Microthane Breast Implant: This option provides a stable and natural shape while reducing the risk of implant-related complications. The microthane coating helps maintain breast firmness over time. Princess Breast Augmentation: Designed to deliver an attractive and proportionate enhancement, this procedure adopts advanced techniques for natural-looking results. It offers personalized solutions tailored to individual body contours. Stem Cell Fat Grafting: Utilizes stem cells from the patient's own fat to enhance breast volume and shape. This procedure promotes better integration of the grafted fat, leading to more lasting results. Revision Surgery: Corrects and improves outcomes from previous breast surgeries. This is tailored to address specific issues such as implant position, scarring, or dissatisfaction with initial results. Body Contouring Large Volume Liposuction: Achieved through LaPrin’s 3STEP SAFE Lipo system, it allows for significant fat removal with enhanced safety and recovery measures. It targets multiple areas for a more dramatic transformation. Sectional Liposuction: Focuses on specific body areas to sculpt and contour individual sections. This method is ideal for targeting stubborn fat deposits and achieving a more defined look. Revision Liposuction: Used to correct unevenness or other issues arising from prior liposuction procedures. It helps in fine-tuning the body's contour for a more balanced appearance. Facial Contouring Canthoplasty: Enhances the shape and size of the eyes by adjusting the corner of the eye. This procedure can make the eyes appear larger and more symmetrical. Double Eyelid Surgery: Creates a natural double eyelid fold, making the eyes look larger and more defined. This non-incision method ensures minimal scarring and quick recovery. Upper/Lower Blepharoplasty: Focused on removing excess skin and fat from the upper or lower eyelids. This surgery rejuvenates the eye area, reducing puffiness and sagging. Revision Eye Surgery: Corrects and enhances the results of previous eyelid surgeries. It aims to resolve any complications or dissatisfaction from the initial procedure. Nose Tip Rhinoplasty: Refines the shape of the nose tip for better balance and harmony with overall facial features. It targets issues like bulbous tips or asymmetry. Soft Mesh Rhinoplasty: Uses soft mesh implants to enhance nasal structure and aesthetic balance. This method is designed for those seeking a more subtle and natural-looking nose correction. Aesthetics Filler & Botox: Non-surgical treatments to reduce wrinkles, add volume, and enhance facial contours. These procedures provide quick results with minimal downtime. Lifting: Non-invasive lifting techniques to tighten and rejuvenate the skin. This is ideal for patients looking to reverse signs of aging without surgery. Brightening: Treatments designed to even skin tone and enhance radiance. These procedures target pigmentation issues and improve overall skin clarity. Scar & Pore Treatment: Addresses issues of scarring and enlarged pores to improve skin texture and appearance. Various methods are employed to smooth and refine skin. Stem Cell Stem Cell Treatment: Utilizes the patient's own stem cells to rejuvenate and repair skin or other tissues. These treatments promote natural healing and regeneration. Stem Cell Rejuvenation: Focused on revitalizing the skin using cutting-edge stem cell technology. It enhances skin elasticity, tone, and overall youthfulness. Women's Clinic Non-invasive Vaginal Tightening: An advanced procedure to enhance vaginal tightness and health without surgery. This treatment can improve comfort and sexual satisfaction. 3D Labium Minora Sculpting: A precise procedure to reshape and refine the labia minora for enhanced aesthetics and comfort. It offers a customized approach for natural-looking results.

learn more

BT Plastic Surgery in Gangnam specializes in facial contouring and rhinoplasty, striving to provide beautiful and life-enhancing results with honesty, proper surgical principles, safety, and a dedicated aftercare system. Facial Contouring Procedures: 3D Zygoma Reduction Surgery: This procedure reduces the size of the cheekbones to create a more balanced facial appearance. It uses 3D imaging for precise adjustments. Non-Osteotomy Zygoma Surgery: This is a cheekbone reduction procedure that does not involve bone cutting. It’s less invasive with a quicker recovery time. Long-Curve Square Jaw Surgery: This surgery reshapes the square jaw into a more feminine contour using a long, curved osteotomy technique. Cortical Resection Square Jaw Surgery: This procedure involves removing a portion of the cortical bone to slim down and refine the jawline. Mini V-Line Surgery: This operation reshapes the lower jaw and chin to achieve a V-shaped face, emphasizing a slimmer and elegant contour. Chin Osteotomy: This surgical procedure involves cutting and repositioning the chin bone to improve facial balance. Facial Implant & Autologous Tissue Contouring: This technique uses implants or the patient’s own tissue to enhance facial features and contours. Revision Facial Contouring Surgery: This operation aims to correct or improve the results of a previous facial contouring surgery. Nose Surgery Procedures: Rhinoplasty: This procedure reshapes the nose for aesthetic improvements or to correct structural issues. Autologous Rib Cartilage Rhinoplasty: This surgery uses the patient’s rib cartilage for a more natural and durable nasal structure reconstruction. Non-Implant Rhinoplasty: A procedure that enhances or reconstructs the nose without the use of synthetic implants. 3D Customized Rhinoplasty: This personalized approach to nose surgery uses 3D imaging to create a unique surgical plan tailored to the individual’s facial structure. Revision Rhinoplasty: This surgery corrects or improves the results of a previous rhinoplasty. Septoplasty: A surgical procedure to correct deviated septum and improve breathing. Nasal Valve Reconstruction: This operation repairs or reconstructs the nasal valves to enhance airflow and breathing. Anti-Aging Procedures: Full Facelift: This surgery lifts and tightens sagging facial tissues to restore a youthful appearance. Mini Incision Lifting: A less invasive facelift with smaller incisions, offering quicker recovery times. Thread Lifting: This procedure uses special threads to lift and tighten sagging skin, providing a non-surgical facelift. Full-Face Fat Grafting: This involves transferring fat from other parts of the body to the face to restore volume and a youthful look. Ultrasound Skin Tightening (Shurink/AcuScut): This non-invasive treatment uses ultrasound technology to stimulate collagen production and tighten the skin. Eye Surgery Procedures: Double Eyelid Surgery: This procedure creates a crease in the upper eyelid to make the eyes appear larger. Eyelid Correction Surgery: It addresses issues like droopy eyelids, providing a more open and youthful appearance. Epicanthoplasty: This surgery extends the inner corners of the eyes, making them appear larger. Lower Blepharoplasty: This operation removes or repositions fat under the eyes to reduce puffiness and dark circles. Middle-Age Eyelid Surgery: This procedure addresses age-related changes around the eyes, restoring a youthful appearance. Aesthetic Procedures: HPL Injection: A minimally invasive treatment that stimulates fat reduction in targeted areas for body contouring. Filler/Botox: Non-surgical treatments to smooth out wrinkles, add volume, and improve facial contours. BT Plastic Surgery Clinic is dedicated to providing personalized and high-quality surgical and non-surgical treatments, ensuring safety with real-time monitoring by anesthesiologists and comprehensive aftercare systems. For a detailed consultation or to learn more about each procedure, contact BT Plastic Surgery Clinic today!

learn more

Cha Min Plastic Surgery Clinic specializes in a wide range of rhinoplasty and other cosmetic procedures, and it is conveniently located near Sinnonhyeon Station. Rhinoplasty Revision/Reconstruction Rhinoplasty Revision: Complex cases where prior surgeries failed or caused issues are addressed, aiming to correct aesthetic and functional problems. This involves precise techniques to reshape and enhance the nasal structure. Costal Cartilage Rhinoplasty: Uses the patient's rib cartilage for nasal reconstruction, providing a robust framework for long-lasting results. This technique is particularly beneficial for patients who have had multiple previous surgeries. Contracted Nose Reconstruction: Specialized surgery to treat the contracted nose, often caused by previous implosive rhinoplasty or injury, restoring normal structure and function. This involves meticulous dissection and grafting techniques. Implant Removal Nasal Implant Removal: Safely removes previously inserted nasal implants that may have caused complications or infections. This procedure aims to restore the nose to its pre-implant state. Full Nose Removal: Comprehensive removal of all nasal implants and foreign materials, aiming to revert the nose to its natural structure as much as possible. Early Nasal Implant Removal: Focuses on removing implants early to prevent long-term complications and promote quicker recovery. This can be crucial in cases where the implant starts causing immediate issues. Functional Rhinoplasty Functional Rhinoplasty: Combines aesthetic improvements with corrections of nasal function, addressing issues like deviated septum, nasal obstruction, and sinus problems. This ensures that the patient can breathe better while also achieving a desired nose shape. Nasal Allergy and Congestion Treatment: Treatment of nasal blockages and chronic rhinitis through surgery to improve airflow and reduce symptoms. This may involve septoplasty, turbinate reduction, or other corrective techniques. Aging and Cosmetic Procedures Filler Injections: Offers lip fillers to enhance lip volume and shape, providing immediate and effective results. This minimally invasive procedure is designed to achieve natural-looking, fuller lips. Skin Rejuvenation: Includes treatments like fillers, fat grafting, skin boosters, and nutrient infusions, targeting aging symptoms and promoting youthful skin. These procedures aim for revitalization and long-term skin health. Safety and Care Infection and Inflammation Care: Specialized treatments for inflamed or infected nasal tissues, often addressing post-surgical complications. This involves careful management and appropriate medical interventions. Comprehensive Pre and Post-Surgery Care: Detailed systems for patient safety before, during, and after surgery, including immune system support and tailored recovery plans. This ensures optimal outcomes and patient well-being. Cha Min Plastic Surgery Clinic is committed to providing personalized and top-tier care for all your aesthetic and functional nasal needs. Each procedure is tailored to meet the specific needs and desired outcomes of our patients.

learn more

VIBE Plastic Surgery Clinic, conveniently located at Sinnonhyeon Station, offers a wide range of plastic surgery and cosmetic procedures performed by highly qualified medical professionals. Eye Surgery Double Eyelid Surgery (쌍꺼풀): This procedure creates a defined crease in the upper eyelid, enhancing the eyes' overall appearance. It can be customized to suit individual preferences and natural eye shapes. Canthoplasty (트임성형): This surgery alters the shape or size of the eyes by adjusting the corners. It's aimed at making the eyes appear larger and more symmetrical. Eyelid Revision Surgery (눈재수술): For those dissatisfied with previous eyelid surgeries, this procedure corrects and improves the results. It's tailored to address specific aesthetic or functional concerns. Lower Eyelid Surgery (눈밑성형): This surgery addresses issues like under-eye bags and wrinkles. It helps in achieving a more youthful and refreshed appearance. Middle-aged Eye Surgery (중년눈성형): Specialized for older patients, this procedure focuses on combating aging signs around the eyes. It helps rejuvenate the eye area, making one look younger. Nose Surgery Primary Rhinoplasty (첫코성형): Initial nose surgery aimed at enhancing the shape and functionality of the nose. It can correct issues like a bulbous tip or a dorsal hump. Revision Rhinoplasty (코재수술): For individuals unhappy with their previous nose surgery, this procedure refines and corrects past results. It is meticulously planned to ensure desired outcomes are achieved. Alar Base Reduction (콧볼축소): This procedure narrows the nostrils, making the nose appear more proportionate to the face. It involves precise incisions to maintain natural-looking results. Functional Rhinoplasty (기능코 성형): This surgery improves nasal function while also enhancing appearance. It can address breathing issues along with aesthetic concerns. Lifting Procedures Forehead Lift (이마 거상 / 이마축소): This procedure involves tightening the skin and muscles of the forehead to reduce wrinkles and lift the brows. It helps achieve a more youthful and alert appearance. Incisional Facelift (절개 리프팅): A comprehensive facelift that targets deeper layers of the skin for long-lasting results. It addresses issues like sagging skin, deep wrinkles, and jowls. Thread & Mini Lifting (실 / 미니 리프팅): A minimally invasive procedure using threads to lift and tighten the skin. It's suitable for those seeking subtle enhancements without extensive surgery. Fat Surgery Facial Fat Grafting (지방이식): This procedure involves transferring fat from one part of the body to the face to enhance volume and contour. It's commonly used to fill hollow areas and smooth out wrinkles. Liposuction & Buccal Fat Removal (지방흡입 / 심부볼 지방제거): This surgery removes excess fat from targeted areas, enhancing contour and definition. Buccal fat removal specifically targets fat in the cheeks for a slimmer facial appearance. Non-Surgical Procedures Fillers & Botox (필러&보톡스): Injectable treatments to smooth out wrinkles, enhance facial contours, and restore volume. They're quick, minimally invasive options for facial rejuvenation. Youth Injection (동안주사): A treatment designed to revitalize the skin and promote a youthful appearance. It typically involves a combination of vitamins, antioxidants, and other rejuvenating agents. Each procedure at VIBE Plastic Surgery Clinic is performed with precision to achieve natural-looking, satisfying results.

learn more

AND Plastic Surgery in Sinnonhyeon Station, Seoul, is dedicated to advancing global plastic surgery services and technologies to become a worldwide hub for aesthetic transformations. Eye Surgery Double Eyelid Surgery: This procedure creates a defined crease in the upper eyelid, offering a more youthful and alert appearance. Techniques can vary, including incisional, non-incisional, and partial incisional methods based on individual needs and desired outcomes. Under-eye Fat Repositioning: This surgery addresses under-eye bags and dark circles by redistributing fat pockets to create a smoother, more youthful under-eye area. It helps to achieve a refreshed and well-rested look. Rhinoplasty 3D Rhinoplasty: This advanced technique uses 3D imaging to precisely plan and execute nose reshaping procedures. It ensures a more accurate and personalized outcome to enhance facial harmony. Revision Rhinoplasty: Focused on correcting issues from previous nasal surgeries, this procedure improves both functional and aesthetic aspects of the nose. It's tailored to address complications like breathing difficulties or suboptimal cosmetic results. Facial Contouring NV Contouring: This technique reshapes facial features to create a more balanced and aesthetically pleasing look. It typically involves procedures to modify the jawline, cheeks, or chin. Fat Grafting: Utilizes the patient’s own fat cells to add volume to areas such as cheeks, lips, or under the eyes. It provides a natural look and feel with minimal risk of rejection. Non-incision Lifting: This less invasive method lifts and tightens the skin without making surgical cuts. It can improve skin elasticity and reduce signs of aging effectively. Anti-aging Upper Blepharoplasty/Subbrow Excision: Designed to remove excess skin and fat from the upper eyelids, this procedure enhances the eye area’s appearance and can improve vision obstructed by sagging skin. Subbrow excision specifically targets the area just below the eyebrow for a subtle lift. Lower Blepharoplasty/Under-eye Fat Surgery: Aims to remove or reposition fat under the eyes to reduce puffiness and wrinkles. This procedure helps eliminate tired or aged looks and achieves a rejuvenated appearance. Forehead Lift: Also known as a brow lift, this procedure minimizes forehead creases and lifts sagging brows. It's ideal for creating a more youthful and alert look. Mini SMAS Lift: This procedure tightens the underlying muscle layer of the face (SMAS), along with removing excess skin. It offers long-lasting results with a relatively shorter recovery period.

learn more

Apgujeong Seoul Plastic Surgery, located in the heart of Seoul's upscale Apgujeong district, offers a wide range of specialized cosmetic procedures. The clinic is renowned for its highly skilled medical staff and personalized care system, ensuring high-quality and safe treatments. Anti-aging SMAS Face Lift: Targets sagging skin and deep facial wrinkles by tightening the SMAS layer beneath the skin. This provides a natural and long-lasting youthful appearance. Eyebrow Lift: Elevates drooping eyebrows and smooths forehead wrinkles. This procedure opens up the eye area, giving a more alert and refreshed look. Upper/Lower Blepharoplasty: Corrects droopy eyelids and removes excess skin or fat around the eyes. This improves the contour of the upper and lower eyelids. Endoscopic Forehead Lift: Minimally invasive procedure to lift the forehead and eyebrows. Reduces wrinkles and deep lines on the forehead. Neck Lift: Tightens and removes excess skin around the neck. This results in a smoother, more youthful neck contour. Fat Grafting: Transfers fat from one part of the body to the face to restore volume and youthful contours. Commonly used for cheeks, temples, and nasolabial folds. Smile V Lifting: Non-surgical procedure to enhance facial contours and lift sagging skin. Provides a more defined V-line jaw and youthful appearance. Eye Ptosis Correction: Corrects droopy eyelids caused by weakened muscles. Improves both the function and appearance of the eyes. Non-incisional Ptosis Correction: Minimally invasive technique for correcting mild to moderate ptosis. Offers quicker recovery with minimal scarring. Canthoplasty: Alters the shape and position of the outer corners of the eyes. This procedure can make the eyes appear larger and more almond-shaped. Under Eye Fat Repositioning: Adjusts and redistributes fat under the eyes to eliminate puffiness and dark circles. Restores a youthful, refreshed appearance. Combined Surgery: Addresses multiple eye issues in one procedure, such as combining ptosis correction with blepharoplasty. Provides comprehensive improvement with single recovery time. Revision Surgery: Corrects or enhances the results of previous eye surgeries. Tailored to address specific concerns and complications. Rhinoplasty Low Nose: Augments the bridge of the nose using implants or cartilage. Provides a more defined and proportionate nasal profile. Hump Nose: Removes dorsal humps to create a smoother and straighter nasal bridge. Enhances the overall symmetry and appearance of the nose. Upturned Nose: Corrects overly upturned noses by adjusting the nasal tip. Achieves a more natural and balanced look. Arrow Nose: Addresses issues with the nasal tip drooping downward. Lifts and refines the nasal tip for better aesthetics. Wide Alar Base: Narrows wide nostrils to create a more slender nose. Enhances the harmony between the nose and other facial features. Nose Bridge: Enhances the height and shape of the nose bridge through implants or cartilage grafting. Improves the overall nasal contour. Combined Rhinoplasty: Addresses multiple nasal concerns in a single surgery, such as correcting both the bridge and tip. Provides comprehensive nasal reshaping with one recovery period. Breast Tear-drop Breast: Enhances breast shape using anatomically shaped implants. Provides a natural slope and fullness. Breast Augmentation: Increases breast size using implants. Enhances volume and contour for a more proportionate figure. Breast Reduction: Removes excess breast tissue and reshapes the breasts. Relieves physical discomfort and improves breast aesthetics. Sagging Breast: Lifts and firms sagging breasts through mastopexy. Provides a more youthful and elevated breast contour. Inverted Nipple: Corrects nipples that are retracted into the breast. Improves appearance and function. Nipple Reduction: Reduces the size of overly large nipples. Enhances breast proportions and aesthetics. Breast Reconstruction: Restores the shape and appearance of breasts following mastectomy or trauma. Utilizes implants or tissue from the patient’s body. Fat Surgery Liposuction: Removes excess fat deposits from various parts of the body. Contours the body for a slimmer and more defined appearance. Fat Grafting: Transfers fat from one body area to another to enhance volume and shape. Commonly used for buttocks, breast, and face. Facial Contouring Square Jaw: Reduces the width of the jaw for a more slender and feminine face shape. Involves shaving or reshaping the jawbone. Cheekbone: Reduces prominent cheekbones to create a smoother facial contour. Provides a more balanced and harmonious facial appearance. Short Chin: Augments the chin to enhance facial proportion. Uses implants or bone advancement techniques. Forehead: Augments or reshapes the forehead to achieve a smoother contour. Commonly involves implants or fat grafting. Protruding Mouth: Corrects an overly prominent mouth by adjusting facial bones. Creates a more balanced and refined facial profile. Long Chin: Reduces the length of an elongated chin for a more balanced face. Involves bone shaving or reduction techniques.

learn more

Ilumi Plastic Surgery Clinic diagnoses patients' conditions with precision and proceeds systematically from surgery through recovery to post-operative management. The clinic places a high emphasis on listening to the opinions of each and every patient, not solely for the purpose of achieving aesthetic enhancements through surgery but also to foster psychological improvement. Ilumi Plastic Surgery Clinic in Gangnam offers a variety of procedures aiming at enhancing aesthetics and addressing various cosmetic concerns. Below are explanations for each procedure: Rhinoplasty: This procedure aims to reshape or resize the nose to improve its appearance and proportion in relation to the rest of the face. It can also correct impaired breathing caused by structural defects in the nose. Double Eyelid Surgery: This surgery creates a crease in the eyelid that appears when the eyes are open. It's popular in East Asia for those desiring a “double eyelid” look. It can make the eyes appear larger and more rounded, enhancing the facial aesthetics. Cheekbone Reduction: This procedure involves the reduction of the cheekbones to achieve a more contoured and less angular facial profile. It is sought by individuals looking to soften prominent cheekbones and achieve a more balanced facial appearance. Square Jaw Reduction: This surgical procedure aims to refine the lower facial profile by reducing the width of the jaw, resulting in a more oval or V-shaped face. It's often performed to achieve a softer, more feminine jawline. Jaw Tip Reduction: This surgery focuses on reducing the size of the chin or jaw tip for a more proportionate facial balance. It can help soften a pronounced chin or reshape an asymmetrical jaw tip. Two Jaw Surgery: Also known as bi-maxillary osteotomy, this invasive procedure corrects severe jaw discrepancies. It involves the surgical repositioning of both the upper and lower jaws to improve their function and aesthetics. Double Chin Surgery: This procedure targets the removal of excess fat and skin under the chin to redefine the jawline and eliminate the appearance of a double chin. It can involve liposuction or surgical excision techniques. PRP Fat Grafting: Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) fat grafting is a two-step procedure that combines fat transfer with PRP injections. Fat is harvested from one area of the body, enriched with PRP, and then injected into another area to enhance volume, texture, and overall appearance. Breast Augmentation: This surgical procedure increases the size and enhances the shape of the breasts using implants or fat transfer. It's sought by individuals looking to restore breast volume lost after weight reduction or pregnancy or to achieve a more rounded breast shape. These procedures require thorough consultations to assess the individual's needs, expectations, and suitability. Each surgery entails specific preparatory steps, recovery times, potential risks, and expected outcomes that should be clearly understood by patients prior to proceeding.

learn more